Date: Thursday, July 18, 2024 – 2:00pm (ET) Last June, the U.S. Supreme Court held in a 6-3 decision that admissions programs at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina violated the Constitution when they used race as a factor in admissions. While the Supreme Court decision was specific to higher education institutions, employers…
Abitron v. Hetronic: on Remand: Takeaways from the Tenth Circuit’s Application of the Supreme Court’s Decision on Quantifying Damages Under the Lanham Act It has been one year since the United States Supreme Court unanimously held that the Lanham Act is not extraterritorial in its reach, and that two provisions of the Act – 15…
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) safe harbor policy issued October 4, 2023 (“DOJ Safe Harbor”) for merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions reinforces the requirement for acquirers to conduct thorough and robust due diligence to identify potential misconduct by a target entity. Most importantly, the DOJ Safe Harbor establishes the following strict deadlines for disclosure…
Resolution Economics’ Paul White, Ph.D., will participate in a webinar hosted by the Essex County, N.J. Bar Association on Thursday, June 13, 2024, 9:00–10:00 am ET, to discuss potential biases caused by the adoption of AI, particularly in the context of employment law. In this webinar, Paul and his co-panelists will provide a comprehensive overview…
General Counsel, outside counsel, compliance executives, representatives of regulatory bodies, and forensic practitioners discussed an array of issues at the 19th Annual FCPA & Anti-Corruption for the Life Sciences Industry conference in New York City from May 9th to 10th 2024. The following highlights some of the topics discussed. Ephemeral Messaging and Off-Channel Communications Ephemeral…
Resolution Economics’ Paul White, Ph.D. and Gurkan Ay, Ph.D. will join Davis Wright Tremaine attorneys K.C. Halm (Co-Chair, DWT’s AI Team) and Matt Jedreski (Counsel, DWT’s Employment Group) on Tuesday, May 21, 2024, 2:00–3:00 pm ET, to examine the legal risks, challenges, and opportunities presented by the adoption of AI/ML in the context of hiring…
Resolution Economics is a proud sponsor of the 76th Annual NYU Conference on Labor & Employment Law taking place at the NYU School of Law in New York City, May 22 – 23, 2024. On May 22, Resolution Economics’ director Ye Zhang, Ph.D., will participate in a panel entitled “US Workforce Overview,” which will provide…
In November 2023, both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac released updates to their respective policies governing loans involving brokers/correspondents. With six months of experience under these new policies, we provide below both a summary of those policies and thoughts on potential impacts. Summary of Updates Fannie Mae follows a Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (DUS) business…
The DOJ’s Criminal Division recently initiated a new self-disclosure pilot program (“Pilot Program”). As Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco has explained, under the Pilot Program: “[I]n exchange for self-disclosing, fully cooperating with authorities, and paying any applicable victim compensation, restitution, forfeiture, or disgorgement, including returning any ill-gotten gains, the Criminal Division will enter into a non-prosecution…
Resolution Economics’ Paul White, Ph.D. and Gurkan Ay, Ph.D. join Hunton Andrews Kurth Labor and Employment attorneys, Meredith Gregston and Daniel Butler on Thursday, May 16, 2024, 12:00–1:00 pm ET, to discuss the intersections of AI and employment law. The panel will cover the latest EEOC and OFCCP guidance on AI in the workplace, Title…
Resolution Economics’ Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., will join Littler Shareholders Barry Hartstein, Esq., and James Paretti, Esq., as well as EEOC commissioner Keith Sonderling, on May 10th, 2024, to present “An Insider’s View of the EEOC: Recent and Current Strategies, Litigation, Settlements, and What’s on the Horizon” at the 2024 Littler Executive Employer Conference. Use…
Resolution Economics’ Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., will join fellow panelist Jonathan Segal, Esq., on May 3rd, 2024, to present “DEI: In the Legal, Political and Philosophical Crosshairs” at the 2024 Pennsylvania SHRM State Council Spring Legal & Legislative Conference. Use this link for more information and to register for the conference.
General Counsel, outside counsel, compliance executives, representatives of regulatory bodies and forensic practitioners met to discuss an array of issues at the 2024 Pharmaceutical Compliance Congress. The following highlights a few key topics. Top Considerations for Compliance Professionals Managing the continued expansion of the compliance department’s scope and ensuring the department is appropriately resourced…
Date: April 15, 2024 | 12:00 – 1:00 p.m. ET Resolution Economics’ Paul White Ph.D. and Gurkan Ay Ph.D. join Baker Hostetler Labor and Employment Partner Shareef Farag and Digital Asset and Data Management (DADM) Partner James Sherer as they discuss the ever-evolving use of AI in the workplace. The panel will cover the broad…
Resolution Economics is a proud Sponsor and Exhibitor of the American Bar Association’s Section of Labor and Employment Law National Conference on EEO Law taking place March 19-22, 2024, in Boston, MA. Please join firm partner and session moderator Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., on Wednesday, March 20th, as she leads a discussion on “Mitigating Against…
Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., head of the Human Capital Strategy Group at Resolution Economics, LLC and former EEOC Commissioner and acting Chair, is quoted in the Law360 Employment Authority article “EEOC Not Expected To Let Up After Record-Breaking Year.” In this article, Victoria weighs in on the notable uptick in discrimination cases brought by the EEOC during…
We are pleased to announce that Resolution Economics was recognized by HR Tech Outlook as a Top Diversity Equity & Inclusion Services Provider of 2023. HR Tech Outlook magazine featured ResEcon as part of an elite group of DEI&A providers in its latest edition. Read the full profile here.
Global regulatory bodies, counsel and forensic practitioners attending the ACI’s 40th Annual Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Conference held on November 29 – 30, 2023 provided insights on recent regulatory developments focusing on compliance. Key takeaways are detailed below. COMPLIANCE: Elements of compliance programs that organizations are encouraged to adopt include creating incentives for employee compliance through…
LOS ANGELES, Dec. 4, 2023 — Resolution Economics, LLC (“Resolution Economics” or “ResEcon”) announced today that The Red Maple Group (“RMG”), an economic and forensic consulting firm has joined ResEcon as part of the Financial Advisory Services (“FAS”) practice group. They will bring further expertise in business valuations and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) consulting to the FAS…
On October 4, 2023, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced a new six-month “safe harbor” period (the “Policy”) for merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions.[1] During the six-month period, an acquirer can disclose non-compliant activity at the acquired entity to the DOJ in an effort to obtain a declination related to potential successor liability. While…
Resolution Economics is a proud sponsor and exhibitor at ACI’s 40th International Conference on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act taking place on November 29-30 in Washington, DC. Join Partner Andrew Coles, Kathryn Atkinson with Miller & Chevalier Chartered, Daniel Grooms with Cooley LLP, Corinne A. Lammers with Paul Hastings LLP and Lewis Zirogiannis with Baker Botts LLP as they discuss “What It Now Takes to Successfully…
Resolution Economics attended the 24th Annual Pharma Congress that took place October 25 – 27, 2023. General Counsel, outside counsel, compliance executives, representatives of regulatory bodies and forensic practitioners met and discussed an array of issues. The following highlights a few key topics. For a downloadable version of the highlights, please click here. Key Takeaways from…
Resolution Economics is a proud Associate Sponsor and participant in the American Bar Association Section of Labor and Employment Law Conference taking place in Seattle, WA, Nov 8-11, 2023. Join our firm’s speaker, Christina Min, MBA, and her fellow panelists as they present “Analyzing and Pursuing Damages in Employment Litigation,” held on Friday, November 10,…
Resolution Economics, LLC (“Resolution Economics” or “ResEcon”) announced today that it has acquired the Affirmative Action Plan (“AAP”), DE&I, Pay Equity, and related training services (“the acquired practice groups”) of Biddle Consulting Group. Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed. The pre-employment testing services of Biddle Consulting Group operating under the name TestGenius were…
Resolution Economics Celebrating 25 Years! Resolution Economics is 25 years old??? Where has the time gone? When we left the safe confines of a large firm to strike out on our own in October 1998, we could not have imagined where we are today. Starting with just seven people working in the “lower level” (i.e.,…
The U.S. Department of Justice’s recently implemented compensation incentives and clawbacks pilot program – under which penalties in enforcement actions may be reduced for companies that have policies to “clawback” monies from wrongdoers – has prompted HR, Legal, Compliance, and Corporate departments to consider potential modifications to their policies, to bring them in line with…
As lawmakers and regulators across the globe continue to adopt pay equity, salary transparency and salary data reporting laws, it’s imperative that companies take note and ensure their pay practices are aligned with relevant laws and regulations. It’s more than just compliance – in addition to avoiding potential litigation, forward-thinking employers who implement fair pay…
Resolution Economics’ Elaine Reardon, Ph.D., will speak at the next session of the Los Angeles County Bar Association’s (LACBA) Labor & Employment Law Section Breakfast Series. During the session, “Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace: what L&E lawyers and neutrals need to know,” held on Thursday, September 7, 2023, Elaine and her fellow panelists will discuss recent trends,…
Resolution Economics is a proud Sponsor and Exhibitor of the 2023 National Industry Liaison Group (NILG) National Conference taking place at the JW Marriot Resort in Phoenix, Arizona from August 1 to August 4, 2023. This year’s action-packed agenda includes sessions that feature five ResEcon and Berkshire experts: Rick Holt, Ph.D., Beth Ronnenberg, SPHR, SHRM-SCP; Lynn…
Resolution Economics is a proud Sponsor and Exhibitor of the 2023 EEOC Examining Conflicts in Employment Law (EXCEL) Annual Conference taking place at the Marriott Marquis hotel in Washington, D.C. from July 30 to August 2, 2023. Stop by our booth to learn more about how Resolution Economics’ experts can assist you with your Labor…
Resolution Economics is a proud Sponsor and Exhibitor of the International Personnel Assessment Council (IPAC) 2023 Annual Conference taking place at the Capitol Hilton, July 23 – 26, 2023, in Washington, D.C. Stop by our booth to learn more about how Resolution Economics’ experts can assist you with your Pay Equity, DEI&A, and AI Bias…
On June 29, in the combined cases of Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. (“SFFA”) v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and SFFA v. University of North Carolina et al., the United States Supreme Court decided 6-3 that the affirmative action admissions programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina violated the Equal Protection…
Date: July 12th 2023 2:00 – 3:00pm EDT The Supreme Court made huge news with its ruling against race-conscious admissions programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina. Join Resolution Economics’ Victoria A. Lipnic, former Commissioner and Acting Chair of the EEOC, as she leads a Resolution Economics/Berkshire team in unpacking the ruling and its potential…
Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., head of the Human Capital Strategy Group at Resolution Economics, LLC and former EEOC Commissioner and acting Chair, is quoted in the Wall Street Journal article “New York City Starts to Regulate AI Used in Hiring Tools.” The article discusses the implementation of NYC Law 144, which requires employers to annually audit and…
Resolution Economics’ AI Audit Team members Margo Pave, Esq., and Ye Zhang, Ph.D., were featured presenters on a webinar “The AI Balancing Act in Hiring: What Employers Need to Know,” hosted by background screening firm Cisive on June 28, 2023. They joined Cisive’s president to discuss recent regulatory activities that employers should be aware of…
Resolution Economics’ Paul White, Ph.D., participated in a panel discussion “Navigating OFCCP Compliance in Higher Education During the Biden Administration” at the 2023 NACUA Annual Conference taking place June 28 – 30 in Chicago, IL. Dr. White and his fellow panelists discussed preventative strategies and offered practical advice on how higher education institutions can successfully…
Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., head of the Human Capital Strategy Group at Resolution Economics, LLC and former EEOC Commissioner and acting Chair, is quoted in the Wall Street Journal article “Companies Expect New Challenges to Diversity Policies After Court Ruling.” The article highlights the reaction from employers and the legal community to the recently announced Supreme Court…
Resolution Economics’ Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., will be joined by Thomas J. Carnahan, Ph.D., from Resolution Economics’ Berkshire Division, as they present “AI in HR: What Employers Need to Know” at the 2023 Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Annual Conference taking place June 11 – 14 in Las Vegas, NV. Together they will explore…
Resolution Economics’ Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., Gurkan Ay, Ph.D., and Ye Zhang, Ph.D., team up in a panel discussion, “Taming Artificial Intelligence in Employment Decision Making,” at the 2023 WorldAtWork Total Rewards Annual Conference taking place June 12 – 14 in San Diego, CA. Together they will discuss the use of AI tools in the…
Increased Focus on Sanctions Compliance As the U.S. government increased its involvement in the Ukraine conflict over the past year, the Biden Administration made it clear that economic sanctions would be utilized as a key tool to hinder the Russian military and isolate individuals tied to the Putin regime. Just this past March, Deputy Attorney…
The EEOC has just issued new Technical Assistance to help employers comply with anti-discrimination laws when implementing employment selection procedures that use AI, software, or algorithmic processes (what the EEOC refers to as “algorithmic decision-making tools”). While recognizing that such tools may be used in a range of ways in the employment context, the EEOC…
Resolution Economics is a proud sponsor of the NYCBar White Collar Crime Institute 2023. Hear from government enforcement officials and practitioners on recent white collar criminal investigations, prosecutions, and reform efforts. For more information and to register: (In-Person) White Collar Crime Institute – New York City Bar CLE Programs (nycbar.org)
Employers of all industries and sizes are facing questions about pay equity from their employees, shareholders, the press, and the general public. In CA, the Equal Pay Act and SB 1162 (pay transparency) have focused attention on pay equity and public pay information in job postings along with new record-keeping and reporting requirements. Other states…
Key governments and regulators globally, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the European Union (“EU”), have already proposed or implemented Environmental, Social, & Governance (“ESG”) disclosure requirements (also referred to as “Corporate Social Responsibility” or “CSR” requirements). It is imperative that companies be aware of and proactively respond to these regulatory activities.…
Resolution Economics, LLC is a proud sponsor of the 75th Annual NYU Conference on Labor & Employment Law taking place at the NYU School of Law in New York City, May 23 – 24, 2023. Join our firm’s speakers Rick Holt, Ph.D., Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., and Gurkan Ay, Ph.D., as they provide insights into…
Dynamic and volatile economic shifts often force employers to make tough decisions, such as layoffs and reductions in force (RIFs). If not handled properly, these decisions could pose legal risks, reduce employee morale, and harm business. If a RIF may be in your company’s future, this webinar will give you practical guidance on how to…
Resolution Economics, LLC is a proud sponsor of the Institute for Workplace Equality Annual Summit taking place in Falls Church, VA, May 9 – 10, 2023. Join firm partner and speaker Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., as she and her fellow panelists untangle the latest news from the EEOC, including the Commission’s strategic enforcement plan, AI,…
An analysis piece (“Employer Takeaways As Agencies Team Up To Regulate AI”) in the April 27th issue of Law360 reported on the newly-announced alliance of four federal agencies (the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and U.S. Department of Justice), who have jointly committed to protecting the public from discrimination and…
Resolution Economics is a proud Gold Sponsor and Exhibitor of the American Bar Association 2023 National Symposium on Technology in Labor and Employment Law taking place at the Chicago-Kent College of Law in Chicago, IL April 19 – 21, 2023. Visit us at our booth and join our firm’s speaker Dr. Gurkan Ay, Ph.D., as…
Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., joined by fellow panelists Joanna Colosimo, M.A., DCI Consulting and Consuela A. Pinto, Esq., FordHarrison LLP, will discuss the practical challenges of UGESP in today’s workplace and how employers are adapting to those challenges at the 2023 SIOP (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology) Annual Conference taking place April 19 –…
The Department of Justice (“DOJ”) recently released two new updates to the Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs (“ECCP”) that underscore the need for companies to have strong data-driven compliance programs. Indeed, as the current Administration continues to rely on compliance departments as a key line of defense for preventing and detecting corporate crime, metrics that…
Resolution Economics is a proud Platinum Sponsor and Exhibitor of the 8th Annual Employment Practices Liability Insurance ExecuSummit taking place at the Naples Grand Beach Resort in Naples Florida, April 12 & 13, 2023. Visit us at our booth and join our firm’s speakers; Dr. Charles Diamond and Rabin Das, as they discuss how to…
Resolution Economics is proud to have participated in the LACBA’s 43rd Annual Labor and Employment Law Symposium held on March 23, 2023. The firm’s managing partner, Ali Saad, was joined by fellow panelists Felicia Davis, Genie Harrison, and Brian Kriegler in a presentation on California’s new pay reporting requirements, how to analyze pay data and…
Earlier this month, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) settled a significant FCPA matter with Ericsson, AB where the company agreed to pay $206.7 and plead guilty to FCPA violations. The company was found to have breached a 2019 deferred prosecution agreement with new violations identified in 2022 (Link to DOJ press release). In 2019, Ericsson…
Resolution Economics attended the ABA’s White Collar Crime Conference that took place on March 1 – 3, 2023, where significant regulatory guidance was provided impacting how companies evaluate and prioritize decisions on compliance matters such as disclosure, compensation, and accountability. Our key highlights are provided below. For a downloadable version of the highlights, please click…
The Need for AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Bias Audits: Understanding New Compliance Requirements Date: February 22, 2023 – 2:00pm (ET) Artificial intelligence and automation are playing an increasing role in employment decision making – and regulators are taking note. New York City has already enacted a requirement that “automated employment decision tools” be assessed for…
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 2, 2023 /PRNewswire/ — Resolution Economics, LLC (“ResEcon”) announced today that Yogesh Bahl has joined as a Partner in the firm’s Financial Advisory Services practice where he will focus on building the firm’s practice with Life Sciences and Healthcare companies. Resolution Economics is a leading specialty consulting firm providing economic and statistical analysis to a variety of…
The Resolution Economics AI Audit Team submitted a second round of Comments in response to NYC’s Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (“DCWP”)’s revised set of proposed rules for the new Automated Employment Decision Tools (“AEDT”) law, a law that requires that such tools undergo a bias audit. We were pleased that the DCWP made…
Enforcement Update Alert On January 17th, 2023, the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, Kenneth A. Polite, Jr., outlined revisions to the Corporate Enforcement Policy (“CEP”), which is the first major update to the DOJ’s CEP in 5 years. These revisions not only incentivize companies to self-disclose issues…
An article (“EEOC Targets AI-Based Hiring Bias in Draft Enforcement Plan”) in the January 12th issue of Bloomberg Law News reports that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission will turn its enforcement attention to artificial intelligence tools used by employers to hire workers. Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., a Partner at Resolution Economics, LLC and Chair…
Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., Chair of the Artificial Intelligence Technical Advisory Committee (sponsored by the Institute for Workplace Equality) was joined by fellow panelists Eric Dunleavy, Ph.D., from DCI Consulting, Marko J. Mrkonich from Littler Mendelson P.C. and Christine E. Webber from Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll PLLC where they shared their insights on use…
Resolution Economics Artificial Intelligence Audit Team (Victoria A. Lipnic, Esq., Margo Pave, Esq., Gurkan Ay, Ph.D., Ye Zhang, Ph.D., and Lynn Clements, Esq. at Berkshire division) played a major role in creating a significant new report: “Technical Advisory Committee Report on EEOC and DEI&A Considerations in the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Employment Decision Making”…
Partner Andrew Coles was a speaker for Lextegrity’s webinar titled “Data-Driven Compliance: Predictions for 2023” on December 15, 2022 with Ethisphere’s Scott Stevenson and Lextegrity’s Parth Chanda. Top takeaways from the discussion include: The recording can be found here.
Resolution Economics was a proud sponsor at ACI’s 39th International FCPA Conference on November 30-December 1, 2022 in Washington, DC. Partner Andrew Coles spoke on the panel titled The SEC’s Enforcement of the FCPA’s Internal Controls Provision: New Lessons from the Latest Cases and What Is (and Isn’t) “Adequate”. For takeaways from the conference, please…
LOS ANGELES – October 27, 2022 – Resolution Economics, LLC (“ResEcon”) announced today that it has acquired Berkshire Associates (“Berkshire” or the “Company”). Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed. Resolution Economics is a leading specialty consulting firm providing economic and statistical analysis to a variety of clients, including companies and law firms, with…
Former Administrator of Labor Department’s Wage and Hour Division to Provide ExpertConsulting on Wage and Hour Matters WASHINGTON, D.C. – Resolution Economics, LLC announced today that Tammy D. McCutchen, former Administrator of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division has affiliated with the firm and will provide expert consulting as part of the firm’s…
Former EEOC Commissioner and Acting Chair Named Partner Head of Human Capital Strategy Group WASHINGTON, D.C. – Resolution Economics, LLC (“Resolution Economics” or the “Company”) announced today that Victoria A. Lipnic, former Commissioner and Acting Chair of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), has joined the firm as a Partner. Lipnic will lead the…
The IRS, Justice Department, and Congress have recently taken aim at what they allege to be the much-abused conservation easement deductions. While the crackdown’s impact has yet to be fully quantified, President Biden’s IRS continues to warn taxpayers that syndicated conservation easement transactions are “abusive” and could lead to fraud investigations, including civil penalties and…
Tune in on January 13, 2021 at 3:00PM EST for the NILG webinar, “California Equal Pay Laws and Reporting” presented by Paul White, Ph.D., Partner in our Labor & Employment practice in Washington, DC and Lara De Leon, Partner at Constangy, Brooks, Smith & Prophete, LLP. In March of 2021, many California employers will be…
EEOC RACE/ETHNIC IDENTIFICATION CATEGORIES
Hispanic or Latino
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
White (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Black or African American (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
American Indian or Alaska Native (Not Hispanic or Latino)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Two or More Races (Not Hispanic or Latino)
All persons who identify with more than one of the above five races.
Individual with a disability (under ADAAA) means any person who:
QUALIFIED VETERAN:
A “disabled veteran” is one of the following: a veteran of the U.S. military, ground, naval or air service who is entitled to compensation (or who but for the receipt of military retired pay would be entitled to compensation) under laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs; or show citation box or a person who was discharged or released from active duty because of a service-connected disability.
A “recently separated veteran” means any veteran during the three-year period beginning on the date of such veteran’s discharge or release from active duty in the U.S. military, ground, naval, or air service.
An “active duty wartime or campaign badge veteran” means a veteran who served on active duty in the U.S. military, ground, naval or air service during a war, or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized under the laws administered by the Department of Defense.
An “Armed forces service medal veteran” means a veteran who, while serving on active duty in the U.S. military, ground, naval or air service, participated in a United States military operation for which an Armed Forces service medal was awarded pursuant to Executive Order 12985.
“Other protected veterans” means veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. military during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge is awarded.
